Arabic Literature

Arabic literary wide-cut treatment Main obligeArabic belles-lettres Main articleLiterature of Morocco Ibn Tufail(Abubacer) andIbn al-Nafiswere pi mavin and merely(a)ers of thephilosophical fabrication. Ibn Tufail wrote the starting signal fictional ArabicnovelHayy ibn Yaqdhan(Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response toal-GhazalisThe Incoherence of the Philosophers, and accordingly Ibn al-Nafis withal wrote a novelTheologus Autodidactusas a response to Ibn TufailsPhilosophus Autodidactus.Both of these narratives hadprotagonists(Hayy inPhilosophus Autodidactusand Kamil inTheologus Autodidactus) who wereautodidactic barbaric childrenliving in seclusion on adesert island, twain existence the earliest guinea pigs of a desert island base. How perpetually, term Hayy lives al maven with worrywisels on the desert island for the remainder of the story inPhilosophus Autodidactus, the story of Kamil ext land ups beyond the desert island setting inTheologus Autodidactus, devel oping into the earliest knowcoming of age diagram and eventu bothy becoming the archetypal example of ascience fictionnovel. 1718 Theologus Autodidactus, create verbally by theArabianpolymathIbn al-Nafis(12131288), is the first example of a science fiction novel. It deals with non-homogeneous science fiction elements such(prenominal)(prenominal) asspontaneous generation,futurology, theend of the humanity and doomsday,resurrection, and the after(prenominal) purport. Rather than giving sorcerous or mythological explanations for these events, Ibn al-Nafis try stunneded to apologize these p mickle elements using thescientific know takegeofbiology,astronomy,cosmologyandgeology cognize in his time.His main purpose behind this science fiction work was to pardonIslamicreligious teachings in terms ofscienceandphilosophy through and through with(predicate) and through the routine of fiction. 19 ALatin shift of Ibn Tufails work,Philosophus Autodidactus, first square off outed in 1671, brisk byEdward Pocockethe Younger, stick withed by an English translation bySimon Ockleyin 1708, as fountainhead asGermanandDutchtranslations. These translations later(prenominal) inspiredDaniel Defoeto pull throughRobin countersign Crusoe, regarded as thefirst novel in English. 20212223Philosophus Autodidactusto a fault inspiredRobert Boyleto keep open his own philosophical novel set on an island,The Aspiring Naturalist. 24The story also anticipatedRousseausEmile or, On Educationin some ways, and is also uni design toMowglis story inRudyard KiplingsThe Jungle withstandas swell up asTarzans story, in that a baby is addicted only removen bursting charge of and fed by a m archeanish(a)wolf. citation needed Among different innovations in Arabic literary works wasIbn Khalduns perspective on chronicling past eventsby fully rejecting supernatural explanations, Khaldun essendially invented the scientific or sociological approach to history. citation needed Islam c ytosine A. D. to 1500 1. immortals revelations were first authoritative around 610 by the prophet Muhammad, whose watch outers later collect them into the Koran, which became the backside for a in the buff religion and comm atomic spell 53 known forthwith as Islam. 2. Though virtually of the pre-Islamic literature of Arabia was written in write, prose became a popular vehicle for the dissemination of religious in contriveation. 3. As its title the interpretation suggests, the Koran was do to be heard and paraphrased because it is literally the vocalize of god, Muslims do non accept the Koran in translation from Arabic. . Although Persian literature borrowed from Arabic literary styles, it also created and enhanced parvenue poetic styles, including therubai(quatrain),ghazal(erotic lyric), andmasnavi(narrative poem). 5. to a capaciouser extent widely known than any other work in Arabic, the grounds and One Nightsis generally excluded from the tolerateon of innoc ent Arabic literature collect to its extravagant and improbable fabrications in prose, a give that was expected to be more serious and substantial than poetize. Thousand and One Nights Myths and Legends of the World 2001 right of first publication Thousand and One NightsThousand and One Nights,also calledThe Arabian Nights Entertainmentor simplyThe Arabian Nights,is a sp sensibleling, centuries-old ingathering of tales. In the English-speaking world, it is the known work of Arabic stories. The framework of the collection is that a king named Shahriyar, misanthropic of women, had the habit of taking a modernistic wife every darkness and killing her the next day. A resourceful young woman named Shahrazad had a plan to end the deadly tradition. After marrying the king, she told him a story on their wedding night with the promise to finish it the next day. He allow her live, and she repeated the trick.So captivating were her stories that Shahriyar sp bed her feel again and a gain in lay out to hear the rest of the narrative. The origins ofThousand and One Nights be unknown. The oldest bit of Arabic text dates from the 800s the first lengthy text was written in the 1400s. none of the early Arabic- speech communication texts contains exactly the homogeneous stories. Scholars hurt identified Persian, Baghdadian, and Egyptian elements in the work, which seems to squander developed over the years as an ever-changing collection of fairy tales, romances, fables, poesys, legends to the highest degree heroes, and humorous stories.The stories that argon outmatch known in the English-speaking worldthose of Sinbad the Sailor, Aladdin and his Magic Lamp, and Ali Baba and the Forty Thievesdo non appear in all editions ofThousand and One Nights. Thousand and One Nights The capital of South Carolina Encyclopedia, 6th ed. 2012 Copyright Thousand and One Nights or Arabian Nights, series of anonymous stories in Arabic, contained as an entity to be among the cl assics of world literature. The cohesive plot device concerns the efforts of Scheherezade, or Sheherazade, to keep her husband, King Shahryar (or Schriyar), from killing her by socialize him with a tale a night for 1,001 nights.The best known of these stories argon those of Ali Baba, Sinbad the Sailor, and Aladdin. Although umpteen of the stories be set in India, their origins ar unknown and call for been the capacity of intensive scholarly investigation. The corpus began to be collected nigh the year 1000. At first the title was merely indicative of a large number of stories later editors dutifully translated editions with the requisite 1,001 tales. The be random variable ofThousand and One Nightsis purpose to be inhering to Persia or one of the Arabic-speaking countries, but acknowledges stories from a number of different countries and no doubt reflects divers(a) source material.The first European edition was a free translation by Abbe Antoine Galland into french (1 70417). Most subsequent French, German, and English versions lean heavily upon Galland. Among the English translations include the expurgated edition of E. W. Lane (1840), with excellent and robust nones the unexpurgated edition by Sir Richard Burton in 16 volumes (188588) that of John Payne in 9 volumes (188284) Powys Matherss translation from the French text of J. C. Mardrus (rev. ed. , 4 vol. , 1937) and that of Husain Haddawy (2 vol. , 1990, 1995).Note This bill is also available as aWord document. Acknowledgements Al-Muntazir Madrasah, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. vastness OF THE blessed QURAAN The first lesson to be learned by all students is approximately the importance of the sanctified Quraan. The Quraan is the Book of Allahsubhaanahu wa taaalaa. E genuinely tidings in the Quraan has accrue from Allah. That is why we say that it is a Holy Book. The dun in the Quraan were sent by Allah to prophet Muhammadsallal-laahu alayhi wa-aalihi wa sallam. The proph esier (s) authorized the lecture of Allah through angel Jibraeel.This Quraan is a Holy Book that was non written by anyone but sent by Allah to visionary Muhammad (s) through Jibraeel. 1. It is the most truthful speech oracle Muhammad (s) regularly shoot the terminology of Allah to Muslims around him. These Muslims were very transportd and excited to receive the words of Allah. illusionist Muhammad (s) verbaliseThe most truthful speech, the most eloquent advice, and the giganticest stories atomic number 18 in the Book of Allah. The Muslims listened carefully to what the prophesier strike, memorized the sentences and passages of the Quraan, recited them regularly and followed the teachings of the Quraan.In order to push the words of Allah the visionary appointed special plurality known as Scribes of the Quraan to write down the words of Allah. 2. It is in first language Prophet Muhammad (s) was an Arab and the majority of people in Mecca and Medina spoke Arabic. The refore the Quraan was sent in Arabic. Arabic is written from right to left. It is better to learn to film the Quraan in its accepted language. Therefore, we lead put efforts to learn Quraan written in Arabic sort of of simply rendition its translation in other languages. . The Holy Quraan contains Allahs message to all people. It tells people how to act correctly. It guides us to a correct way of life in this world. The Book of Allah also duologue about life after death. It tells us that Allah has prepared Paradise for true(p) people and Hell for bad people. The Quraan assists the worship of only one graven image Who creates and provides for them. The Book forbids people from evil and condemns those who do wrong. It contains stories of the past Prophets and the examples of bad and proper people.People are sure in the Quraan to be proper to others and respect them. It teaches people to live in peace and harmony. 4. Quraan brings happiness in this world and the Hereafter. following the Quraan brings happiness in this world and the world after death. The Prophet (s) verbalizeIf you desire the life of the fortunate, the death of a martyr, the salvation on the daylight of Regret and the shade on the twenty-four hour distributor point of Extreme Heat, so you should pack the Quraan because it is the word of the Merciful, a sanctuary from Shaytaan and a causes the tilting of the Balance.In a nonher Hadith we read that the Prophet (s) has tellThe recitor of the Quran ordain be spared from the calamities of the Hereafter. 5. It is the only augur oblige that has remained unchanged. Allah sent the Quraan to His Prophet. A withstand sent by Allah to people is known as a Divine Book or a nirvanaly Book. Other Divine Books were also sent to previous prophets. These are Suhoof to Prophet Ibraheemalayhis salaam Zaboor to Prophet Dawoodalayhis salaamTawraah to Prophet Moosaaalayhis salaam andInjeel to Prophet Eisaaalayhis salaam.The inequality between the Quraan and past revealed criminal records is that the Quraan is the only Divine Book that has remained unaltered. The Quraan we encounter with us contains exactly the same message that was sent to Prophet Muhammad by Allah through Jibraeel. 6. Our supplications get answeredif we were to petition after discipline the Holy Quraan. The Prophet (s) verbalizeOne who st humanities the Quran and finishes it, Allah leave behind grant him one answered supplication. It also garters in alter our faith. imaum Ali (a) stateReciting the Quran plants the eed of faith. 7. The Quraan is the best companion. It can be of great help when a child or adult is feeling lonely. imaum Ali Zaynul Aabideen (a) give tongue toIf all who live between the East and West perish, I get out take up no fear as languish as I have the Quran with me. 8. Students get wisewhen they start reading the Quraan in their childhood. Prophet Muhammad (s) saidWhoever reads the Quran beforehand becoming Baaligh, ha s indeed been given wisdom as a child. The Holy Book is the best intellectual treasure a student can have.Prophet Muhammad (s) saidThe Quran is a wealth with which thither is no poverty, and without which there is no wealth. On the other hand non sym roadize with to read and study the Quraan is a great loss. Prophet Muhammad (s) said sure as shooting the person in whose heart lacks the trace of the Quran is equivalent a ruined preindication. 9. Muslims read the Quraan to assure the true teachings of Islam. Prophet Muhammad (s) left the Holy Book and the Ahlul Bayt (a) as the most important legacy for Muslims after him. He saidI leave tow weighty dilutegs among you The Book of Allah and my family the Ahlul Bayt.Indeed these two volition never separate until they reach me near the pool of Kawthar. 10. All Muslims recite some Soorahs in their prayers. However, it is good to memorize more Soorahs and read them in Salaat. imaum Muhammad Al-Baaqir (a) saidWhoever recites the Qu raan while standing in his prayer, Allah will append on him a 100 blessings for every letter and whoever recites it while seance in his prayer, Allah will reward him fifty blessings for every letter and whoever recites it right(prenominal) of his prayer, Allah will grant him ten blessings for every letter. 1. The Quraan is a cure to amiable and spiritual diseases imam Hasan al-Askaree (a) saidThe Messenger of Allah (s) said I advice you to the Quraan since it is the expert cure, the blessed medicine, the protection (Isma) for he who holds fast to it, and the salvation for he who follows it. incomplete does it cause crookedness so that it de break downs (from the truth) nor does it deviate so that it causes trouble. Its marvels do non come to end and the vastness of refutations does not wear it. RESPECT AND RIGHTS OF THE HOLY QURAANNow that we know that the Holy Quraan is not an ordinary book, but a Divine Book sent by Allah for the guidance of all people, we must fate resp ect to it. Here are some of the points we need to dream up. 1. A part of the Quraan carries the same respect as the entire Quraan. Allah saysWhen the Quraan is recited, listen toit (7204). We know that when exercising takes posture it is incessantly of a part of the Quraan. Even so Allah uses the word Quraan for the part that is being recited. Therefore, if you have a Siparah, a binder or a booklet that contains Soorahs and passages from the Quraan, you treat it like a Quraan. . The Quraan should always be carried with proper care. When your Madrasah bag contains the Quraan, or a part of it, take extra care of the bag. Keep the bag slowly on the desk or floor instead of letting it fall on its own. Use both hands to remove the Quraan from your bag, kiss the cover of the Quraan, place it slowly on a desk (or on a wooden carrier specially make for holding the Quraan) and open the pages gently. 3. When the Quraan is being recited, listen to it and be attentive (7204). If you are b usy with something else then at to the lowest degree do not budge the recitation by blab outing, for example, or making noise.There is reward for listening to the Quraan. Imam Ali Zaynul Aabideen (a) saidWhoever listens to a letter of the book of Allah, the Glorious and Almighty, without even reading it, Allah will write down for him one good deed, forgive a sin, and raise him a degree. It was the practice of unbelievers in Mecca to make a lot of noise so that others could not listen to the Quraan (4126). Do not be like them and instead lend your ears to the Quraan and give it respect. We often wish that God would talk to us. One way to achieve this is by reading the Quraan. Prophet Muhammad (s) saidLoWhoever has wanting for Allah should listen to the word of Allah Also, if you wish to talk to God then do Tilaawa. Prophet Muhammad (s) saidWhenever one of you would like to talk to his Lord, he should read the Quran. 4. The Quraan should be recited regularly. It is disrespect to k eep the Holy Quraan unread. Prophet Muhammad (s) saidBrighten your homes with reciting Quraan do not turn them into graves. Surely the house in which a lot of recitation takes place enjoys many another(prenominal) blessings and the members return from it. Such a household shines for the inhabitants of Heaven as stars shine to the inhabitants of the earth.On the Day of Judgment the Prophet will complain to Allah about some Muslims who had abandoned the Quraan (2530). other Hadith of the Prophet (s) saysIndeed police van rust in the same way irons rust. He was asked What will polish the hearts? The Prophet answeredReading the Quran. The more Quraan we read the better it is. We should discipline ourselves to read a good portion of Quraan daily. Imam Ali (a) saidHe who recites 100 poetizes daily from the Book in the order it is in, Allah writes for him the reward equal to all the good actions of every one on this earth.Shaytaan would like us not to read, understand and study the Q uraan. Let us fight him with all our enduringness and faith. Imam Ja out-of-the-way(prenominal) As-Saadiq (a) saidThere is nothing more embarrassing to Shaytaan than to see a man reading the Quran to gain insight. 5. Children should get acquaint with the Quraan early in their lives. Imam as-Saadiq (AS) saidHe who recites Quraan while he is young, Quraan mixes with his flesh and his blood, and Allah places him amongst the blessed and the chosen in force(p). On the Day of Judgment, Quraan shall sound his guardian andpray for him a crowing reward. 6. It is the right and respect of the Quraan that it should be followed. Imam Jafar Saadiq (a) saidLo One, who learns the Quraan, teaches it and practices according to it, I will guide and lead him to Paradise. 7. It is also the right and respect of the Quraan that those who have the knowledge of the Quraan should teach it to others. This is among the noblest acts. Prophet Muhammad (s) saidThe best of you is he who learns the Quran and teaches it. 8. Take the interpretations of the Quraan from the Holy Prophet (s) and the Imams from his family, i. e. the Ahlul Bayt (a).Imam Hasan al-Askaree quoting Prophet Muhammad saidRecite it (i. e. the Quraan) as Allah gives you ten rewards for each letter that you recite from it. thusly the Imam (a) saidDo you know who palpablely holds fast to it and reaches to such honor and reward? He is the person who takes Quraan and its interpretation from us Ahlul-Bayt (a) or from the deputies that we send to our followers, and takes its (interpretation) neither from the popular opinions of those who argue (on the speech of Allah) nor form the analogyofthose who study (different parts of the speech of Allah). . Once you have completed reading your lesson or referring to the Quraan then cheeseparing it gently instead of leaving it open. 2. Do not put another book or any weight in a higher place the Quraan. The Holy Book should always be kept on the bring in in a pile of books. 3. It is Haraam (forbidden) to make Najaasaat (impure things like blood and urine) wraith the Quraan. In the event where the Quraan becomes Najis, for instance if it locomote in Najis water, it is Waajib (obligatory) to purify it (make it Taahir). 4. superannuated and worn out copies of the Quraan should be disposed in safe places.This includes send them for recycling, burying them in the earth or casting in rivers. **** * adroitness OF RECITING THE HOLY QURAAN By now we know that the Quraan is a special book and de facilitates respect. Now let us look at some of the manners of reciting the Quraan. It is the right of the Tilaawa (recitation of the Quraan) that we follow the rules when reciting the Quraan. 1. bring about Wudhoo before you prepare to read the Quraan. Allah says no(prenominal) can touch it (the Quraan) save the purified ones(5679). Once Imam Jafar As-Saadiq (a) asked his son Ismaaeel to read the Quraan. The latter said that he was not in Wudhoo.The Imam said in tha t strip he could recite it but should not touch the create verballys of the Quraan. Therefore, it is advisable touse a stick or pen to point to the wordsor sentences of the Quraan you are reading if you are not in Wudhoo. 2. Read Duaa before Tilaawa. Reading of the Duaa helps to keep our revolve around and reminds us of what we need to take from the Holy Book. Masoomeen (a) have recommended a number of Duaas. The Duaa taught by Imam Jafar As-Saadiq (a) appears in this booklet with Quraan lessons. 3. incessantly sayAoodhubillaahi minash shaytaanir rajeem( ) when you begin reading the Quraan. It mode I research refuge in Allah from the cursed Shaytaan. This is what Allah instructs us to do in Aayah 1698. 4. Next sayBismillaahir rahmaanir raheem( )The meaning of this phrase is In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. Whenever Imam Moosaa Al-Kaazim (a) wished to make a point to Haroon Rasheed using Aayaat from the Quraan, the Imam would begin withAoodhubillaah . . . followed byBismillaah . . . 5. Sit facing Qiblaah when reciting the Quraan. Please note that this is the best anxiety to face.However where it may be difficult or unsurmountable to face Qiblaah when reading the Quraan (for example if your desk is facing another direction) then it is all right not to face the Qiblaah. 6. Recite the Quraan with Tarteelas instructed by Allah in Aayah 734. This content that we should recite the Quraan in a good voice with verse instead of plain reading. 7. Recite the Quraan slowlyAllah said to the Prophetdo not move your tongue with it (Quraan) to make haste therein(7516). The aayaat of the Quraan should be recited in slow tones with each word being pronounced clearly.The Prophet (s) advised Muslims not be concerned about finishing a Soorah when reciting the Quraan. 8. Be Humble when reciting the Quraan. The Prophet (s) says that the best recitor is he who is humble when reciting the Quraan and realizes his own insignificance. some(a) people exhibit their insignificance and the awe of talking to Allah through weeping. This is a good sign. Prophet Muhammad (s) saidEyes that weep when reciting the Quran will be glow with delight on the Day of Resurrection. 9. Try to understand the recitation. Holy Quraan is a book of Guidance (22).It is necessary for us to understand the message Allah sent all people through Prophet Muhammad (s). 10. Read from the Quraan by looking for at the indites instead of reciting from your memory. In a Hadith from one of our Imams it is said that mere looking at the writings of the Quraan carries reward. 11. Interact with the Quraan. Imam Jafar As-Saadiq (a) says that it is important to react to the aayaat of the Quraan when reciting it. When we come across aayaat on Paradise, pardon and Grace of Allah, Good Outcome in the hereafter, we should hope for these in our hearts.On the other hand if we are reading aayaat that warn us about the punishment, fire, Hell, and so forth we should pray to be saved from these. 12. Open your heart and mind to the Quraan and chew over over what you read. Allah often invites us to imply and ponder over the circumscribe of the Quraan. In 4724 Allah saysDo they not then think deep in the Quraan, or are their hearts locked up? 13. Perform Sajdah where required to do soIn the entire Quraan there are 15 places where performing of Sajdah is required. At 4 places it is Waajib (obligatory) to do Sajdah if we were to read or listen to these sections of the Quraan.For the rest of the places it is Mustahab (recommended) to do Sajdah. 14. SaySadqallaahul Aliyyul Azeem( ) every time you end a recitation of the Quraan. The meaning of this phrase is Allah, the Sublime, the Great, is truthful in what He has said 15. Read one of the Duaas after Tilaawa. The Masoomeen have taught a number of Duaas, from these two have been included with Quraan lessons. In these Duaas, amongst other things, we pray to the Almighty to enlighten us through the Quraan and make us follow the teachings of the Quraan. THE HOLY QURAN Islam appeared in the form of a book the ledger.Muslims, consider the book of depend (sometimes spelled Koran) to be the Word of God as patrimonial by the Angel Gabriel, in the Arabic language, through the Prophet Muhammad. The Muslim view, moreover, is that the record supersedes earlier revelations it is regarded as their summation and completion. It is the final revelation, as Muhammad is regarded as the final prophet the Seal of the Prophets. In a very real sense the account book is the mentor of millions of Muslims, Arab and non-Arab alike it shapes their everyday life, anchors them to a anomalous system of law, and inspires them by its guiding principles.Written in noble language, this Holy textbook has done more than move multitudes to tears and ecstasy it has also, for almost xiv hundred years, illuminated the lives of Muslims with its eloquent message of uncompromising monotheism, human dignity, righteous living, individual responsibility, and social justice. For countless millions, consequently, it has been the single most important deposit in guiding their religious, social, and cultural lives. Indeed, the rule book is the cornerstone on which the construction of Islamic civilization has been built.The text of the Quran was delivered orally by the Prophet Muhammad to his followers as it was revealed to him. The first verses were revealed to him in or about 610, and the persist revelation dates from the coating year of his life, 632. His followers at first move the Quran to memory and then, as instructed by him, to writing. Although the entire contents of the Quran, the location of its verses, and the location of its chapters date back to the Prophet, as long as he lived he continued to receive revelations.Consequently, the Holy Text could only be collected as a single corpus between the two covers after the death of Muhammad. This is exactly what happened. After the battl e of al-Yamamah in 633, Umar ibn al-Khattab, later to become the second caliph, suggested to Abu Bakr, the first caliph, that because of the grievous loss of life in that battle, there was a very real danger of losing the Quran, enshrined as it was in the memories of the faithful and in uncollated fragments.Abu Bakr know the danger and entrusted the task of gathering the revelations to Zayd ibn Thabit, who as the chief scribe of the Prophet was the person to whom Muhammad frequently dictated the revelations in his lifetime. With great difficulty, the task was carried out and the first complete manuscript compiled from bits of parchment, thin white stones ostracae leafless palm branches, and the memories of men. Later, during the time of Uthman, the third caliph, a final, sure text was prepared and completed in 651, and this has remained the text in use ever since. The contents of the Quran differ in substance and arrangement from the Old and New Testaments. Instead of presenting a straight historical narrative, as do the Gospels and the historical books of the Old Testament, the Quran treats, in allusive style, spiritual and practical as well as historical matters.The Quran is separate into 114 surahs, or chapters, and the surahs are conventionally designate to two bounteous categories those revealed at Mecca and those revealed at Medina. The surahs revealed at Mecca at the outgrowth of Muhammads mission hunt down to be short and to filter, in highly moving language, the eternal themes of the unity of God, the necessity of faith, the punishment of those who stray from the right path, and the Last Judgment, when all mans actions and beliefs will be judged.The surahs revealed at Medina are longer, often deal in head with specific judiciary-ordered, social, or political situations, and sometimes can only be properly understood with a full knowledge of the circumstances in which they were revealed All the surahs are divided into ayahs or verses and, for purposes of pedagogy and recitation, the Quran as a hale is divided into thirty parts, which in turn are divided into short divisions of nearly equal length, to facilitate study and memorization. The surahs hemselves are of varying length, ranging from the longest, Surah 2, with 282 verses, to the shortest, Surahs 103, 108, and 110, each of which has only three. With some exceptions the surahs are put in the Quran in desc ending order of length, with the longest at the reference and the shortest at the end. The major exception to this arrangement is the opening surah, al-Fatihah, which contains seven verses and which serves as an introduction to the entire revelation In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. Praise be to God, Lord of the WorldsThe Merciful, the Compassionate Master of the Day of Judgment Thee only do we worship, and Thee alone we ask for help. Guide us in the straight path, The path of those whom Thou hast favored not the path of those who earn Th ine anger nor of those who go astray. Non-Muslims are often struck by the range of styles found in the Quran. Passages of impassioned beauty are no less common than bustling narratives. The sublime Verse of the Throne is perhaps one of the most noteworthy God There is no god but He, The Living. the Everlasting catch some Zs seizes Him not, neither sleep To Him belongs all that is In the heavens and the earth Who is there that can intercede with Him Save by His leave? He knows what lies before them And what is after them, Nor do they encompass anything of His knowledge Except such as He wills His Throne extends over the heavens and earth The preserving of them wearies Him not He is the Most High, the All-Glorious. Muslims regard the Quran as untranslatable the language in which it was revealed Arabic is inseparable from its message and Muslims everywhere, o matter what their innate tongue, must learn Arabic to read the Sacred Book and to perform their worship. The Quran of cour se is available in many languages, but these versions are regarded as interpretations sort of than translations partly because the Arabic language, extraordinarily concise and allusive, is impossible to hand over in a mechanical, word-for-word way. The inimitability of the Quran has crystallized in the Muslim view of ijaz or impossibility, which holds that the style of the Quran, being divine, cannot be imitated any attempt to do so is doomed to failure.It must also be remembered that the Quran was originally transmitted orally to the faithful and that the Holy Text is not meant to be read only in silence. From the earliest days it has always been recited aloud or, more accurately, chanted. As a result, several traditional means of chanting, or intoning, the Quran were found side by side. These methods carefully bear on the elaborate science of reciting the Quran with all its intonations and its cadence and punctuation.As the exact orthoepy was important and learning it took y ears special schools were founded to be sure that no error would creep in as the traditional chanting methods were pass down. It is largely owing to the existence of these traditional methods of recitation that the text of the Quran was preserved without error. As the script in which the Quran was first written down indicated only the consonantal skeleton of the words, oral recitation was an requisite element in the transmission of the text.Because the circumstances of each revelation were thought necessary to correct interpretation, the community, early in the history of Islam, concluded that it was irresponsible to gather as many traditions as possible about the life and actions of the Prophet so that the Quran might be more fully understood. These traditions not only provided the historical context for many of the surahs thus modify to their more exact explication but also contained a wide descriptor of subsidiary information on the practice, life, and legal rulings of the Prophet and his companions.This material became the basis for what is called the sunnah, or practice of the Prophet the deeds, utterances, and taqrir (unspoken approval) of Muhammad. Together with the Quran, the sunnah, as embodied in the canonical collections of traditions, the hadith, became the basis for the shariah, the sacred law of Islam. Unlike westward legal systems, the shariah makes no clearion between religious and civil matters it is the codification of Gods Law, and it concerns itself with every aspect of social, political, economic, and religious life.Islamic law is thus different from any other legal system it differs from canon law in that it is not administered by a church hierarchy in Islam there is nothing that corresponds to a church in the Christian sense. Instead, there is the ummah the community of the believers whose cohesion is guaranteed by the sacred law. Every action of the pious Muslim, thusly, is determined by the Quran, by precedents set by the P rophet, and by the practice of the early community of Islam as enshrined in the shariah.No description, however, can fully capture the overwhelming importance of the Quran to Muslims. Objectively, it is the central fact of the Islamic faith, the Word of God, the final and complete revelation, the fanny and framework of Islamic law, and the source of Islamic thought, language, and action. It is the essence of Islam. Yet it is, in the deeply personal terms of a Muslim, something more as well. In innumerable, almost indescribable ways, it is also the central fact of Muslim life.To a degree almost incomprehensible in the West it shapes and colors broadly, specifically, and all told the thoughts, emotions, and values of the devout Muslims life from birth to death. ARABIC LITERATURE The Quran, the primary document of the Islamic faith, is the first Arabic book. Its style, at once vigorous, allusive, and concise, deeply inclined later art objects in Arabic, as it continues to color th e mode of structure of native speakers of Arabic, Christian as well as Muslim, both in writing and in conversation. The Quran also largely determined the course of Arabic literature.The earliest Arabic prose came into being not from literary motives, but to serve religious and practical needs, above all the need to fully understand the Islamic revelation and the circumstances of the first Muslim community in the Hijaz. The sayings and actions of the Prophet and his Companions were collected and preserved, at first by memory and then by writing, to be finally collected and arranged by such men as al-Bukhari and Muslim in the ordinal speed of light. This material, the hadith, not only provided the basic texts from which Islamic law was elaborated, but also formed the raw material for historians of the early Muslim community.Since each hadith, or saying, is a first-person narrative, ordinarily by an eyewitness of the event draw, they have an immediacy and freshness that has come d own unimpaired through the centuries. The personalities of the narrators Abu Bakr, Umar, Aishah, and a host of others are just as vivid as the events described, for the style of each hadith is very personal. The hadith also determined the characteristic form of such works as Ibn Ishaqs Life of the Messenger of God, originally written in the center of attention of the eighth century.In this book, hadith dealing with the life of the Prophet are arranged in chronological order, and the comments of the author are kept to a minimum. Events are seen through the eyes of the people who witnessed them three or four versions of the same event are often given, and in each case the chain of transmission of the hadith is given, so that the reader may judge its authenticity. During Umayyad times, a number of historians wrote monographs on specific historical, legal, and religious questions, and in each case these authors seem to have adhered to the hadith method of composition.Although some o f the works of these writers have survived in their entirety, enough has been preserved by later incorporation in such vast works as the Annals of al-Tabari to give us an idea not only of their method of composition, but also of their wide-ranging interests. The practice of prefacing a chain of authorities to each hadith led to the compilation of vast biographical dictionaries, like the Book of Classes of the early ninth century author Ibn Said, which includes a biography of the Prophet and a great deal of information on notable personalities in Mecca and Medina during his lifetime.Works such as this allowed readers to identify and judge the veracity of transmitters of hadith later, the content of biographical dictionaries was broadened to include poets, writers, eminent reciters of the Quran, scientists, and the like. These biographical dictionaries are often lively reading, and are a mine of information about social and political circumstances in the Islamic world. The spread of Islam naturally found chroniclers, such as al-Waqidi, who wrote in the late eighth and early ninth centuries, and al-Baladhuri, who composed his well known Book of the Conquests in the ninth century.These books, like the hadith, were written for practical motives. Al-Waqidi was interested in establishing the exact chronology of the spread of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula and adjoining areas, while al-Baladhuri was interested in legal and tax problems connected with the settlement of hot lands. Their books nevertheless are classics of their kind and, aside from containing much interesting information, they have passages of great descriptive power.By the ninth century, the method of compiling history from hadith and carefully citing the authorities for each tradition a process which had resulted in books of unwieldy length was abandoned by some authors, like al-Dinawari and al-Yaqubi, who omitted the bondage of transmitters and combined hadith to produce a narrative. The result was greater discernability and smaller compass, at the sacrifice of richness and complexity. The works of al-Dinawari and al-Yaqubi, unlike those of their predecessors, aimed to wet-nurse as well as instruct they are literary productions.This form of light history reached its apogee in the tenth century in al-Masudis brilliant and entertaining Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems, a comprehensive encyclopaedia of history, geography, and literature. The literary productions of these men would not, however, have been possible without the careful collections of historical hadith made by their predecessors. Just as the writing of history began from practical rather than literary motives, so the collection and preservation of Arabic poesy was undertaken by scholars with, at first, little interest in its artistic merit.The linguists and exegetes of Kufa and Basra began collecting this poesy in the eighth century because of the light it threw on unusual ex promoteions and grammatic structu res in the Quran and the hadith. Editions and commentaries were prepared of the poems of Antarah, Imru al-Qays, and many others, and thus the works of the early poets were preserved for later generations. The Quran a part, poem has always been considered the highest expression of literary art among the Arabs. Long before the coming of Islam, Bedouin poets had perfected the forms of panegyric, satire, and elegy.Their rhyme obeys strict conventions, both in form and content, which indicates that it must have had a long period of development before it was finally committed to writing by scholars. The principal form employ by the desert poets was the qasidah or ode, a poem of variable length rhyming in the last syllable of each line. The qasidah begins with a description of the abandoned encampment of the poets be venerated and goes on to an account of his anguish at her absence and his consuming love for her. The poet then describes an arduous journey across the desert nd ends the q asidah with an appeal to the benevolence of his host. Although the subject matter is almost invariable, the language is very complex and of great precision. In the Hijaz during the first century of Islam, contemporary with the first hadith scholars, a group of poets broke with the past and introduced new forms and subjects. Men like Umar ibn Abi Rabiah wrote true to life(predicate) and urbane verse, and a school of poetry which expressed the themes of Platonic love grew up around the poet Jamil ibn Muiammar, better known as Jamil al-Udhri.The lives and works of these poets of the Umayyad period are preserved in the entertaining tenth-century anthology by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, the Book of Songs. The Umayyad court in Damascus patronized poets and musicians. It was also the scene of the development of the eccentric person of Arabic literature called adab. Adab is usually translated as belles-lettres, which is slightly misleading. This literature, at least in its inception, was c reated to serve the practical end of educating the growing class of administration ministers in the Arabic language, manners and deportment, history, and statecraft.Works in Sanskrit, Pahlavi, Greek, and Syriac began to find their way into Arabic at this time. Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-Katib, an Umayyad official, and the creator of this genre, defined its aims as follows Cultivate the Arabic language so that you may speak correctly develop a handsome script which will add luster to your writings learn the poetry of the Arabs by heart familiarize yourself with unusual ideas and expressions read the history of the Arabs and the Persians, and remember their great deeds. Abd Allah ibn al-Muqaffa, a contemporary of Abd al-Ham id ibn Yahya, translated the history of the ancient kings of Persia into Arabic, as well as Kalilah wa-Dimnah, an Indian book of advice for princes cast in the form of animal fables. His works are the earliest surviving examples of Arabic art prose and are still us ed as models in schools throughout the Middle East. By the ninth century, Arabic literature had entered its classical age. The various genres had been defined adab, history, Quranic exegesis, geography, biography, poetry, satire, and many more.Al-Jahiz was perhaps the greatest stylist of the age, and one of the most original personalities. He wrote more than two hundred books, on every conceivable subject he was critical, rational, and always amusing. His Book of Animals is the earliest Arabic treatise on fauna and contains very modern-sounding discussions of such things as animal mimetism and biological adaptation. He wrote one of the earliest and best treatises on rhetoric and a large number of amusing essays.By the time of his death at the age of ninety-six he had shown that Arabic prose was capable of handling any subject with ease. The most endow of al-Jahizs contemporaries was in all probability Ibn Qutaybah, also a writer of encyclopedic learning and an excellent stylist. His Book of Knowledge, a history of the world beginning with the intromission, is the earliest work of its kind and later had many imitators. The tenth century witnessed the creation of a new form in Arabic literature, the maqamat. This was the title of a work by al-Hamadhani, called Badi al-Zaman, The Wonder of the Age. His Maqamat (Sessions) is a series of episodes written in rhymed prose concerning the life of Abu al-Fath al-Iskandari, a sort of confidence trickster, who takes on a different personality in each story and always succeeds in bilking his victims. These stories are witty and packed with action, and were immediately popular. Al-Hamadhani was imitated by al-Hariri a hundred years later. Al-Hariri was a linguistic virtuoso, and his Maqamat is filled with obscure words, alliteration, puns, and wild metaphors.He too was extremely popular, and many learned commentaries were written on his Maqamat. This purely Arab form can most closely be compared with the Spanish picare sque novels, which it may have influenced. Rhymed prose, which had come to be used even in government documents, was employed by Abu al-Ala al-Maarri in his core of Forgiveness, one of the best known of Arabic prose works. Al-Maarri lived in the eleventh century, leading an ascetic life in his native Syrian village. trick from the age of four, he possess a prodigious memory and great intellectual curiosity and skepticism.The Message of Forgiveness is cast in the form of a journey to enlightenment the narrator there interrogates the scholars and poets of the past regarding their lives and works, receiving surprising and often ironic responses. The book is an extended critique of literature and philology, and represents a high point of classical Arabic culture. One of the other great figures of late classical literature was the poet al-Mutanabbi, whose skill in handling the complex meters of Arabic poetry was probably unsurpassed.His verbal brilliance has always been admired by Arab critics, although it is difficult for those whose native tongue is not Arabic to appreciate it fully. The period between the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 1258 and the nineteenth century is generally held to be a period of literary as well as political diminution for the Arabs. It is true that during these five hundred years Arabic writers were more absent-minded with the preservation of their literary heritage than with the development of new forms and ideas.This is the age of encyclopedias, commentaries, and lexicons. approach with the massive destruction of books by the invasions of Genghis Khan and Hulagu and later of Tamerlane, scholars compiled digests and abridgments of works that had survived in order to ensure their continued existence. There were also some original works, however. Ibn Battutah, the greatest traveler of the Middle Ages, lived in the fourteenth century, and his Travel provide a fascinating picture of the Muslim world, from the islands of the Indian O cean to Timbuktu.Ibn Khaldun, like Ibn Battutah a native of North Africa, lived in the later fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. His Prolegomena is a work of brilliance and originality the author analyzes human clubhouse in terms of general sociological laws and gives a lucid account of the factors that contribute to the rise and decline of civilizations. Ibn Khalduns style is innovative, simple, and very personal, and perfectly suit to the expression of his often difficult ideas.This post classical period also saw the composition of popular romances, such as the Romance of Antar, establish on the life of the famous pre-Islamic poet the Romance of the Bani Hilal, a cycle of stories and poems ground on the migration of an Arabian tribe to North Africa in the eleventh century and many more. These romances could be heard recited in coffee shops from Aleppoto Marrakesh until very recently. The most famous popular work of all, The Thousand and One Nights, assumed its present for m during the fifteenth century.A revival of Arabic literature began in the nineteenth century, and coincided with the first efforts of Arabic speaking nations to assert their independence of Ottoman rule. Napoleon, during his shortened occupation of Egypt in the late eighteenth century, introduced a picture press with fonts of Arabic type, and Muhammad Ali, ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, initiated a series of projects to modernize Egypt. He back up the use of Arabic in schools and government institutions, and established a printing press.Selected Egyptian students were sent to study in France, and on their return assigned to undertake translations of Western technical manuals on agriculture, engineering, mathematics, and military tactics. These works, together with many of the classics of Arabic literature, were printed at the government press at Bulaq and had a intelligent impact on intellectuals in the Arab East. Another factor in the literary revival was the swift growth o f journalism in Lebanon and Egypt. Starting in the late 1850s, newspapers were soon available through the Middle East.By 1900 well over a hundred and fifty newspapers and journals were being published. These journals had a great influence on the development and modernization of the written Arabic language their stress on substance rather than style did much to simplify Arabic prose and bring it within the comprehension of everyone. One of the first leaders of the Arabic literary renaissance was the Lebanese writer and scholar howeverrus al-Bustani, whose dictionary and encyclopedia awakened great interest in the problems of expressing modern Western ideas in the Arabic language.His nephew Sulayman translated Homers Iliad into Arabic, thus making one of the first expressions of Western literature accessible to the Arabic-reading public. Other writers, such as the Egyptian Mustafa al-Manfaluti, adapted French romantic novels to the tastes of the Arab public, as well as writing elegan t essays on a variety of themes. The historical novel, in the hands of Jurji Zaydan, proved immensely popular, perhaps because of the intense interest Arabs have always had in their past, and because of the cheekiness of a new form.But the first Arabic novel that can grade with European productions is Muhammad ibn Talal Hussein Haykals Zaynab, set in Egypt and dealing with local problems. perchance the greatest figure in modern Arabic literature is Taha Husayn. Blind from an early age, Taha Husayn wrote movingly of his life and beloved Egypt in his autobiography, al-Ayyam, The days. Taha Husayn was a graduate of both al-Azhar and the Sorbonne, and his voluminous writings on Arabic literature contributed a new critique of this vast subject.The novel was not the only new form introduced to the Arabic-reading public. The drama, first in the form of translations of Western work, then of original compositions, was pioneered by Ahmad Shawqi and came to maturity in the hands of Tawfiq al-Hakim. Tawfiq al-Hakims long career and devotion to the theater did much to make this one of the liveliest arts of the Middle East. The history of modern Arabic poetry, with its many schools and contending styles, is almost impossible to summarize. Traditional forms and subjects were challenged by Abbas Mahmud al-Aqqad,Mahmud Shukri, and Ibrahim al-Mazini, who strove to introduce nineteenth-century European themes and techniques into Arabic, not always with success. Lebanese poets were in the forefront of modernist verse, and one of them, Gibran Kahlil Gibran, proved very popular in the West. Poets are now experimenting with both old and new techniques, although discussions of form have given way to concern for content. The exodus of Palestinians from their native land has become a favorite theme, often movingly handled.In Saudi Arabia, it was not until well into the twentieth century that literary movements in neighboring lands made themselves felt. numbers, of course, has bee n obliging in Arabia since the pre-Islamic period, and it has lately been influenced by new forms and subjects. Hasan al-Qurashi, Tahir Zamakhshari, Hasan Faqi, and Mahrum (the pen name of emir Abd Allah al-Faysal) have won renown for their poetry throughout the Arab world. Hasan Faqis poetry is self-examining and philosophical, while the verse of the three others is lyrical and romantic.Ghazi al-Gosaibi is distinguished by a fresh, fecund imagination that expresses itself in both Arabic and English verse. two novels by the late Hamid al-Damanhuri have been well received. They are Thaman al-Tadhiyah, The Price of Sacrifice, and Wa-Marrat al-Ayyam, And the Days Went By. With the rapid increase in education and communications, presses are now beginning to publish more and more works by writers, and it can certainly be expected that the great social changes that are taking place will eventually be reflected in equally far-reaching developments in the Arabic literature. Introductio n Read in the Name of your Lord. 1 These were the first few words of the Quran revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over 1400 years ago. Muhammad, who was known to have been in retreat and meditation in a cave outside Mecca 2, had received the first few words of a book that would have a tremendous impact on the world of Arabic literature. 3 Not being known to have composed any piece of poetry and not having any special rhetorical gifts, 4 Muhammed had just received the beginning of a book that would deal with matters of belief, legislation, international law, olitics, ritual, spirituality, and economics 5 in an entirely new literary form. Armstrong states, It is as though Muhammad had created an entirely new literary formWithout this experience of the Koran, it is extremely unlikely that Islam would have taken root. 6 This unique literary form was the cause of the dramatic intellectual revival of desert Arabs 7, and after thirteen years of the first revelation, it became the only refer ence for a new state in Medina. 8 This new form of speech, the Quran, became the sole source of the new civilisations political, philosophical, and spiritual outlook.It is well known amongst Muslim and Non-Muslim scholars that the Quranic discourse cannot be described as any of the known forms of Arabic speech namely meter and Prose. 9 Taha Husayn, 10 a prominent Egyptian Litterateur, during the course of a public lecture summarised how the Quran achieves this unique form But you know that the Quran is not prose and that it is not verse either. It is rather Quran, and it cannot be called by any other name but this. It is not verse, and that is clear for it does not bind itself to the bonds of verse.And it is not prose, for it is bound by bonds peculiar to itself, not found elsewhere some of the binds are connect to the endings of its verses and some to that musical sound which is all its own. It is therefore neither verse nor prose, but it is a Book whose verses have been perfecte d the expounded, from One Who is Wise, All-Aware. We cannot therefore say its prose, and its text itself is not verse. It has been one of a kind, and nothing like it has ever preceded or followed it. 11 Any expression of the Arabic language falls into the literary forms of Prose and Poetry.There are other sub forms that fall into the above categories. Kahin, which is a form of rhymed prose, is one of these sub forms but all literary forms can be described as prose and poetry. Poetry Arabic Poetry is a form of measured speech with a rhyme. 12 The rhyme in Arabic poetry is achieved by every line of the poem ending upon a specific letter. 13 The metrical aspect of Arabic poetry is receivable to its lilting divisions, these divisions are called al-Bihar, literally meaning The Seas in Arabic. This term has been used to describe the rhythmic divisions as a result of the way the poem moves according to its rhythm.In Arabic poetry there are sixteen rhythmical patterns, which all of Ar abic poetry adheres too or is loosely ground upon 1. at-Tawil 2. al-Bassit 3. al-Wafir 4. al-Kamil 5. ar-Rajs 6. al-Khafif 7. al-Hazaj 8. al-Muttakarib 9. al-Munsarih 10. al-Muktatab 11. al-Muktadarak 12. al-Madid 13. al-Mujtath 14. al-Ramel 15. al-Khabab 16. as-Saria Each one of the al-Bihar have a unique rhythmical division. 14 The al-Bihar were first codified in the 8th century by al-Khalil bin Ahmad and have changed little since. The al-Bihar are based on the length of syllables.A short syllable is a consonant followed by a short vowel. A long syllable is a vowelled letter followed by either an unvowelled consonant or a long vowel. A nunation sign at the end of a word also makes the final syllable long. In Arabic poetry each line is divided into two halves. Below are basic scansions of the metres commonly found in Arabic poetry, showing long () and short () syllables. They represent pairs of half-lines and should be read from left to right. The patterns are not rigidly followed two short syllables may be substituted for a long one. Tawil Kamil Wafir Rajaz Hazaj Basit Khafif Sari For more details on the al-Bihar please seewww. theinimitablequran. om/TheRhythmicalPatterns. html An example of an Arabic poem, is the ancient Arabian poem called Abu-l-Ata of Sind Of thee did I dream, while spears between us were quivering And sooth, of our blood full drop had drunken the tawny shafts I know not, by heaven I swear, and true is the word I say This pang, is it love sickness, or wrought by a spell from thee. If it be a spell, then grant me grace of my love-longing If other the sickness be, then none is the wrong of thine. 15 This poem, in the original Arabic, falls into the rhythmical pattern of Tawil, one of the al-Bihar sh own above. 16 A literary analysis on any Arabic Poem will conclude that it adheres too or is based upon the rhythmical patterns. This is supported by Louis Cheikho who collected pre-Islamic and Islamic poetry and concluded that all of the poems conformed and were based upon the al-Bihar. 17 Prose Arabic Prose can be called non-metrical speech, meaning it does not have a rhythmical pattern like poetry mentioned above. Arabic prose can be just divided into two categories Saj which is rhymed prose and Mursal which is straight prose or what some may call normal speech. 18 An apt description of Saj is, in the words of Von Deffer A literary form with some emphasis on rhythm and rhyme, but distinct from poetry. Saj is not really as sophisticated as poetry, but has been employed by Arab poets, and is the best known of the pre- Islamic Arab prosodies. It is distinct from poetry in its lack of metre, i. e. it has not consistent rhythmical pattern, and it shares with poetry the element of rhy me, though in many cases some what irregularly employed. 19 Mursal can be defined as a literary form that goes on and is not divided, but is continued straight throughout without any divisions, either of rhyme or of anything else. 20 Mursal is meant as a way of expression close to the everyday spoken language, examples can be seen in speeches and prayers intended to encourage or motivate the masses. The Qurans Literary Form The Quranic discourse cannot be described as any of the known literary forms. The most plethoric opinion is that it doesnt adhere to any of the rules known to poetry and prose. Another opinion is that the Quran combines metrical and non-metrical composition to create its own literary form. approximately scholars disagree with the above opinions and claim that the Quran is a form of rhymed prose, saj.This opinion has arisen mainly due to the similarities of pre-Islamic prose and early Meccan chapters of the Quran. However, the scholars who carry this opinion do not contend that the Quran is unique by its use of literary and stylistic elements that translate it inimitable. This unique use of literary elements has not been found in any Arabic Prose, past or present. Below is an explanation, with reference to the main opinions above, on how the Quran achieves its unique inimitable form. Non-compliance to the Rules of Prose or PoetryThe Quranic literary form differs as it does not fit in to any of the literary categories explained above, 21 it is not like the prose of Saj or Mursal and it doesnt fit into any of the al-Bihar. This can be seen by the following example Wad Duha wal laili idha saja Ma waddaka Rabbuka wa maa qala Wa lal akhiraatu khairul laka minal oola Wa la sawfa ya teeka Rabbuka fa tarda By the morning hours and by the night most still Your Lord has neither forsaken you nor hates you And indeed the hereafter is better for you than the present And verily your Lord will give you so that you shall be well pleased 22The examinatio n of the whole chapter with reference to the above literary forms indicates that it is not Saj or Mursal as this verse has an internal rhythm, whereas Saj does not have a consistent rhythm and Mursal has no rhythm or rhyme. Also it cannot be described as poetry the essence of this chapter, or any other chapter for that matter, does not adhere to any of the al-Bihar. Unique Fusion of Metrical and non-Metrical Speech Some parts of the Quran follow the rules of poetry, that is, some verses can be described as one of the al-Bihar. 23 When the totality of a Quranic Chapter, that contains some these verses is analysed, it is not possible to distinguish its literary form. The Quran is not verse, but it is rhythmic. The rhythm of some verses resemble the regularity of saj But it was recognized by Quraysh critics to belong to neither one nor the other category. 24 The Quran achieves this unique literary form by intermingling metrical and non-Metrical speech in such a way that the differenc e can not be perceived. 25 This intermingling of metrical and non- metrical composition is present throughout the whole of the Quran.The following examples illustrate this, But the righteous will be in Gardens with Springs Enter in pacification and Safety and We shall remove any bitterness from their hearts they will be like brothers, sitting on couches, face to face. No weariness will ever touch them there, nor will they ever be expelled. Prophet tell My servants that I am the Forgiving, the Merciful, but My torment is the truly painful one. Tell them too about Abrahams guests when they came to him and said Peace, he said, We are afraid of you 26When reading the original Arabic of the above verse the reader moves from metric composition to prose with out experiencing the slightest change of style or mode. 27 The same mingling of metrical and non-metrical composition

History of the Philippines

CONTRIBUTION AND ACHIEVEMENTS General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 April 1, 1901) To make it easier for you to master, invariably remember why Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was on the 5-peso bill (which is not used anymore, kinda his head-profile is on the 5-peso coin) bearing the Philippine flag at the celebration of the Philippine Independence Day, its because he was the start professorshipof the Philippines First republic (a. k. a. Malolos Republic). Contributions and Achievements of Emilio Aguinaldo * for the runner time chairwoman * youngest chairman he became the countrys attracter at age 28 * longest-lived hot seat he died when he was 94 (wow * one of the active leaders of KKK * signed the Pact ofBiak na Bato * cognize as the President of the Revolutionary Government * he fought against the Spanish and American to retain our independence 2Manuel L. Quezon (November 15, 1935 August 1, 1944) Notable facts about Manuel Luis Quezon is that, he is cognise as the Fathe r of National Language (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa) and he died in Saranac Lake, New York due to tuberculosis. Ive seen his life-sized wax statue inside the Quezon narration sight, it was well crafted. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon outset Senate president elected as President of the Philippines * prime(prenominal) president elected through a national election * first president under the Commonwealth * he created National Council of Education * he initiated womens suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth * he made Tagalog / Philippine as the national language of the Philippines * he appears on the twenty-peso bill * a province, a city, a bridge and a university in manilla paper were named after contendds him * his body lies within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle 3 Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 August 17, 1945)Laurel was the third to sit at the assurance during Japanese occupation of World War II. He was the and Filipino presiden t to have been shot outside of combat. Contributions and Achievements of Jose P. Laurel * he was considered as the legitimate president of the Philippines * he organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas). * he declared militant rectitude in 1944 * he and his family developed the establishment of Lyceum of the Philippines 4. Sergio Osmena (August 1, 1944 whitethorn 28, 1946) Sergio Osmena was the second president of the Commonwealth he succeeded Quezon after his death.Contributions and Achievements of Sergio Osmena * he was 65 when he became president making him the oldest president to hold office * he was the first Visayan to become president * he joined US Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 starting the freedom of the Philippines from the Japanese during World War II * during his time, the Philippine National border has been rehabilitated and the country joined the International pecuniary Fund * on his time, the Bell Trade Act was approved by the US Congress * Sergio Osmena appears on the 50 peso bill Manuel Roxas (May 28, 1946 April 15, 1948) Roxas was the 5th president of the Philippines overall but he was considered as the third and subsist president under the Commonwealth and the first of the Third Republic of the Philippines. He only sat in the office for 1 year, 10 months and 18 days. Contributions and Achievements of Manuel A. Roxas was inaugurated as the new and first president of the new Republic because the Philippines was finally free after the WW II * in his time, the country has started reconstruction from war damage and the Philippines started breathing without foreign rule * under his bound, the Philippine reformation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted by the coitus * he is in the 100 peso bill 6,Elpidio Quirino (April 17, 1948 declination 30, 1953) He was the frailness president at Roxas time. He became president when the latter died in 1948. Contributions and Achievements of El pidio Quirino under his end point Hukbalahap movement was active * he created Social earnest Commission * he also created Integrity Board to monitor ingraft and corruption * in 1948, Quezon City was the capital of the Philippines * peso and dollar qualify rate at his time was 1 US = P2 7. Ramon Magsaysay (December 30, 1953 March 17, 1957) He was born in Iba, Zambales, was a military governor, and engineer. He died on a plane crash on Dec. 1957, boarding the presidential plane named Mt. Pinatubo Contributions and Achievements of Ramon Magsaysay * was a chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs was the first president sworn into office wearingBarong Tagalogin his inauguration * his presidency was referred as the Philippines well-hee lead Years for it was the cleanest and zero-corruption * the Philippines was ranked 2ndin Asias clean and well-governed countries * he completed National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among his agrarian reforms 8,Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 December 30, 1961) Another lawyer, Carlos P. Garcia was a poet, teacher, and guerilla leader too. Born from Bohol, he was the vice president of Magsaysay and secretary of Foreign Affairs for 4 years.He became president when Magsaysay died in 1957. Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P. Garcia * he was known forFilipino First Policy * he established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino trade and trading * was known as the Prince of Visayan Poets and the bard from Bohol * cultural arts was revived during his call * was the first president to have his remains buried at theLibingan ng mga Bayani 9. Diosdado Macapagal (December 30, 1961 December 30, 1965) He was born in Lubao, Pampanga, Diosdado Macapagal is the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the 14thand second womanhood president of the Philippines.He was a lawyer and a professor, too. Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado Macapagal * he established the first Land Reform Law * he placed the Philippines currentness peso, on the currency exchange market * he made June 12 1898 as the Philippines Independence Day * he signed the Minimum Wage Law * he signed the creation of the Philippine Veterans Bank 10,Ferdinand Marcos (December 30, 1965 February 25, 1986) Born from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was a lawyer and Senate President for 3 years.He was president for 21 years and only quit office after the People power Revolution. His married woman,Imelda Marcosbecame quite popular in the world too. His confines was the most arguable and messy one because of Martial Law and People business office although Marcos has contributed a lot of nice things in the Philippines. He wasone of the best and brightest presidents sluice though their family was rumored to have embezzled public funds to Switzerland and other squiffy countries. Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Marcos * he was the first president to win a second term * he declared Martial L aw on Sept. 2, 1972 * he increase the size of Philippine military and armed forces * in 1980, GNP was 4 times greater than 1972 * in 1986, the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia * he built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals and infrastructures than all former presidents did combined * is the only president whose remains interred inside a refrigerated crypt 11. Corazon Aquino (February 25, 1986 June 30, 1992) The first woman president of the Philippines and the first woman president in Asia, Cory Aquino is the wife of Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was assassinated during Marcos regime).She was born in Paniqui, Tarlac Contributions and Achievements of Corazon Aquino * was named Woman of the Year in 1986 by Time magazine * first woman president of the Philippines and Asia * shes known to bring buns democracy in the country * she abolished 1973 Marcos nature brought the new Constitution of the Philippines * she reorganized the structure of the executive branch of governing * signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1191 Local Government Code * she always initiated appealing and social activities helping the poor and the needy * shes been cited as a modern-day Joan of Arc by many she is in the new euchre peso bill together with her husband Ninoy Aquino she has received great honors and awards such as one of * 100 Women Who Shaped World History * 20 Most Influential Asiatics of the 20thCentury * 65 Great Asian Heroes * a recipient of J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understandin 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 June 30, 1998) FVR was the chief-of-staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines forrader he became president. Unknown to many, hes also a civil engineer. He brought back economic growth and stability in the country in spite of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.He is the first and only non-Catholic president of the Philippines. Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos * during his time, the Philippines was cite d asAsias Next Economic Tigerbecause he brought back economic growth * the Philippines celebrated Centennial Independence in 1998 * hes the only Filipino who receivedBritish Knighthoodfrom the United Kingdom, bestowed by Queen Elizabeth II (Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George) * he led the 4thAPEC Summit held in the Philippines his Philippines 2000 vision made the Philippine product line Exchange one of the best in the world in the mid-90s * cobblers last Penalty was reinstated at his time * he signed peace duologue and agreement with the MNLF 13. Joseph Estrada (June 30, 1998 January 20, 2001) Known as Erap, he was the first president who was a famous film actor. His governance had so many downs due to controversies, impeachment and black economic growth. I think hes the first president who has been impeached and the second one who was forced to leave the office because of People Power tierce in Edsa.Philippine economy was at its worst because of lea dership uncertainty. Contributions and Achievements of Joseph Erap Estrada * during his time, the MILFs headquarters and camps were captured * he joined other leaders and politicians who supported against the accept Change * was cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989 * was among the munificent 12 who voted for the termination of the Philippines and US Military strands Agreement from Clark Airbase and Subic Naval Base 14.Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2001 June 30, 2010) Gloria Arroyo, daughter of ex-president Diosdado Macapagal, was the second female president of the Philippines. She was 14 when she moved and lived in the Malacanang Palace. Oakwood Mutiny occurred on her term. There were also lots of messy controversies against Gloria analogous impeachments and the Hello Garci disgrace but Gloria has known to have contributed big evidence for road, bridges infrastructures and higher economic growth than the past 3 presidents term did.Amid the 2008 global financial crisis, the Philippines still had an impressive GDP growth and it was so hard to keep it afloat but she did. Contributions and Achievements of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo * second female president of the country * first and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far (to date) * first president to had oath taking outside Luzon an ex-professor of Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University where Noynoy Aduino was one of her students * an ex-classmate of formerUS president Bill Clintonat Georgetown Universitys Walsh School of Foreign Service where she maintained Deans make status * she regainedhigher economic growth than the past 3 presidents before her * Philippine economy grew at its fastest in 3 decades in 2007, GDP exceeding 7% growth * US ex-president Bill Clinton cited Glorias tough decisions because of her brilliant strategy to make the countrys economy back in shape amidst the 2008 global financial crisis * Peso became the best performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007 * eVAT Law was implemented under her term * she is currently in the 200 peso bill 15 Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 present) Son of the first female president of the Philippines and Asia Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino III Aquino a. k. a. NoyNoy joined the hearthstone of Representatives and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first president who is a bachelor, unmarried and has no children.Contributions and Achievements of Benigno Aquino III * he created the no wang-wang policy and this was practiced on his beginning(a) address * he assigned the notable Jesse Robredo as the secretary of DILG in 2010. * he initiated the K-12 education in the Philippines * he renamed the Office of the Press secretarial assistant into Presidential Communications Operations Office and appointed new officers * he signed an EO about suspension of allowances and bonuses of GOCCs and GFIs board members * has paved peace in Mindanao thru the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement * in 2012, the Philippine economy grew 7. 1% besting other South East Asian countries

Nba – a New Digital Entertainment Model in China

Entertainment and Media Industries Professor Sam Craig NBA A forward-looking digital Entertainment Model in china Name Ted Mui Executive thick The National hoops Associations expansion into the Chinese food foodstuff sic has been met with great victor. The accompanys chinaw ar operation currently gene estimates everyplace UDS$150 million in annual sales, and is one of the or so recognise international brands in the country. To further focus on the growth of this unparalleled market place, a subsidiary was completed in 2008, with former head of Microsoft mainland chinaw are Tim Chen serving as the first CEO.The NBA has had great success in developing st pass judgmentgic partnerships in China. Over 290 games are broadcasted on Chinese TV per year, and NBA-related content can be readily found online on Chinese tissue lays. However, NBA China has then far generated little revenue enhancement flat from its end consumers, especially with its digital offerings. In rev iewing its target market, we find that the NBA is in direct competition with early(a) online entertainment products for the time and money washed-out by this market.Popular online entertainment options for China youths share the following traits easy to nobble and use, ability to inter sour with other users, a high (and nearly addicting) re bring in value, and contain many customizable takes for its users. Based on these ideas, it is suggested that NBA China quest after the development of a brand new weather vane portal feature the components of gaming, kindly ne tworking, and motion picture streaming, which currently all exist as elucidate components.Using a concept based on an old delineation game idea, the web portal ordain aim to move consumers strike d experience the marketing funnel, at last expanding the devotee base and leading to end-user generated revenue. The cliche of the China market is well k instantlyn to everyone by now. With its universe of dis hunt d birth of 1. 3 one thousand thousand steadily increasing its purchasing power, China has become the focal dismantle of just about every multinational company. Despite its potential, many multinational corporations attempt in entering the China market ends in failure, with millions of dollars of investment vanishing without producing any returns.The National Basketball Association is one of the rare success stories in China. Since opening its first office in Hong Kong in 1992, the NBAs greater China operation has grown to four offices with everywhere snow employees, generating over USD$150 million in annual sales. According to a survey, nearly 90% of Chinese people older 15-54 in 11 urban markets had some awareness of the brand. 1 Despite this initial success, on that point remain many opportunities for growth in this market, especially in the digital sector.Facing increasing pressure from competition wishing to emulate its success and from shareholders seeking greater retu rns from the market, the NBA must look for new ways to get on its success in China. Company Background The National Basketball Association, founded in 1946, is a global sports and entertainment brand that features 30 teams in the United States and Canada. It is currently the third largest sports alliance in North America, with an estimated league revenue of $3. 2 billion for the 2008-09 season. aspect to expand the associations presence outside of North America, the NBA occasionally hosts exhibition games around the world. 1 The NBA first make its presence in China in 1979, when the Samantha Marshall, NBAs China dodge a Slam Dunk, Crains New York business line. com, may 29, 2008. 2 start Plunkett Rehunt, Ltd Washington Bullets traveled to China to play two exhibition games against the Chinese National Team. Seeing the potential for the Greater China market, the NBA sent its first Asia-based employee to Hong Kong in 1990. The associations operations in China lay down grown sub stantial since, leading up to the administration of NBA China in 2008. As a subsidiary of the association, NBA China is accountable for conducting all of the leagues business in Greater China. dapple the NBA remains as the majority shareholder of the new entity, 5 other strategic partners invested $253 million to acquire 11% of the company in prefer equity. The 5 partners are ESPN (a division of Walt Disney), Bank of China Group Investment, invention Holdings Ltd. Li Ka Shing Foundation, and China Merchants Investment. 4 Timothy Chen, former CEO of Microsoft China, was institute as the new entitys first CEO. NBAs Digital Strategy in China Since Yao Mings entry into the league, NBA coverold age has grown comfortably along all lines of Chinese media. The countrys national exposure network, CCTV, has to individually one season, the CCTV established a long-term partnership with the association. sports channel televises over 90 regular season games, including the NBA All-Star Game, NBA Playoff games and The Finals.In addition to CCTV, the NBA is excessively cover by 50 other broadcasters around China, covering all hardly 2 provinces in the country. In total, about 290 NBA games are broadcasted on TV in China each year. 5 3 Pete Thamal, The NBA and China be Fans of Each Other, New York Times, August 9, 2008. inception nba. com 5 Source hket. com 4 The NBA has also been able to capitalize on the rapidly increasing population of internet users in China. The association has partnered with Tom. com to revamp its localized websites in Greater China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan).Among the new features, the sites bequeath include online webcasts allowing viewers to watch sound games and Chinese-language talk shows daily, and provide gaming and fantasy basketball options and networking capabilities. 6 miserable towards high definition media, the NBA has recently signed a strategic cooperation placement to allow BesTV, Shanghai Media Groups (SMG) internet Protocol TV (IPTV) subsidiary, to offer pay-perview broadcasts of up to 14 high-definition NBA games daily over a four-year period. 7 Through a partnership with KongZhong Corporation, the NBA has also launched a China WAP site in 2007.The site will allow mobile users to access a broad turn over of content options including news, scores, editorial content, faker interviews, TV schedules, wallpapers, ring tones, video clips and pop off NBA games. The NBA hopes to generate revenue from the site through offering advertising options to corporations and bounty downloadable content to end-users. 8 The NBAs media blitz in China appears to make up produced great results. Currently, more than 30% of nba. com traffic comes from China, and this number can be expected to incr simplicity over the years. NBA was ranked 7th in the hottest front keywords in 2008 for Baidu, Chinas leading search engine. Similarly, NBA was ranked tenth for Google Chinas nearly popular search words. O ther than the NBA, just now Xunlei and QQ, 6 7 Anita Davis, NBA Inks Tom. com Online Deal, CEI, August 20, 2008 st Source 21 Century Business Herald 8 Source nba. com two of Chinas largest web portals, appear in the top 10 of both those lists. However, it is unknown how in force(p) this web traffic has been in generating actual revenue for NBA China. foodstuff Overview In 2008, China overtook America as the country with the largest number of internet users. As of the second quarter of 2009, the country now has over 330 million users, with a growth rate of over 50% annually (see exhibit A). The demographic groups growing comparatively faster than this average are people aliveness in rural areas (with over 100% annual growth), upstart netizens aged 18 and under, and adults aged 30 and up. render B shows a division of the age demography of internet users in China.There are also an increasing number of users accessing the internet through mobile devices. Currently, over 29% of int ernet users use mobile phones to get online, with a growth rate far exceeding that of laptop users. 9 The high growth rate indicates that more and more of the countrys 600 million mobile-phone subs jiggerers now own mobile devices capable of accessing internet information. With next generation mobile technologies ofttimes(prenominal) as the iPhone and Google Android yet to reach the mass market in China, thither remains great potential for significant growth in this market for years to come. The Meek Shall Inherit the Web, Economist, September 6, 2008 adjoin A 100 million Total Internet users in China 2005-2009 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 0 1. 23 1. 03 1. 62 2. 50 3. 38 Total Internet Users 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 expose B Age structure of Internet users in China Source Statistical Survey Report on the Internet Development in China, CNNIC, January 2008 Competition Many sports and entertainment companies hasten tried to emulate the NBAs success in China and have invested heavily in its digital marketing efforts.The National Football League has launched a Chinese website (nflchina. com) providing up-to-date news and score, discussion boards and mini-games. Manchester United, the richest sports club in the world, also has an all-Chinese website with online media and shopping to get on its Chinese fan base. But as the earlier search rankings would suggest, the NBA is by far the leading sports entertainment company in China. spark advance infotainment web portals much(prenominal)(prenominal) as sina. com and sohu. com have pages dedicated to the NBA joined from their front page.Already in a overabundant position in the sports entertainment sector in China, the NBA should perhaps look at its competitory landscape from another perspective. At present, the NBA generates the majority of its revenue in China through broadcast rights, branding partnerships and ad sales through its media channels. However, it has thus far been able to generate relatively little income from its actual fan base with its digital content. In comparison, end-user Internet Value Added Services (IVAS) made up for the majority of the revenue for Tencent Holdings Ltd. another digital media partner of NBA China. Tencent Holdings Ltd. is the largest and most used internet service portal in China. The companys strategic goal is to provide users with a one-stop online life service10 While its product offerings are similar to that of MSN Messenger, Facebook, World of Warcraft, 10 Source tencent. com and other leading instant messaging, social networking, and online gaming companies, Tencent is unique in its ability to generate revenue directly from the end users of its products. Most of Tencents products are interconnected through its QQ Network, ncouraging its free users to upgrade in ready to access its value-added services much(prenominal) as ringtone downloading, SMS sending/receiving, and online gaming. QQ Coin was after introduced to allow users greater ease in making purchases in the practical(prenominal) world, and incentivizing video gamers with rewards for performance. With a retail value of 1 kwai (about 14 cents) per coin, users are able to use the coins to purchase realistic goods such as avatars, virtual gifts for friends, and even items for use in games. Due to its ease of use and low denomination in value, the QQ Coin took off with the companys newborn user base.It is estimated that nearly $2 billion in virtual currency was traded in 2008, even leading the Chinese political relation to implement restrictions to the trade. 11 Exhibit C Tencent Holdings Ltd. Quarterly Revenue by Sector Source Tencent Holdings Ltd. Investor Fact Sheet 11 David Barboza, In China, New Limits of Virtual Currency, New York Times, June 30, 2009 Strategic Analysis While NBA China has succeeded in building brand awareness with its target demographic market, its digital system has thus far only focused on only the dynamical fan base of this market.It s licensed product with Tencent and EA Sports, NBA Street Online, targets only the fr serve of gamers who are passionate about NBA basketball. Likewise, services on the NBA China website such as video games and news updates are mainly targeted to already reborn basketball fans. A recently initiative called NBAiD was launched exclusively for the NBA China website. Looking to capitalize on the growing popularity of social networking and blogging, NBAiD acts as a in-person page for NBA fans, allowing fans to connect with one another and express opinions through blogs.However, at this point, the product itself has very little added value for active or daily fans. Segmenting user categories using the concept of the marketing funnel, we see that NBA China has succeeded in both capturing awareness in the mass market and driving truth from its core fan base through its digital strategy, but have done little to drive aware consumers down the funnel (see Exhibit D). There remains great po tential for the NBA to generate greater by-line and desire for its product through a revision of its digital strategy. Exhibit DThe Marketing Funnel Applied to NBA China Target Market Awareness Casual internet users who are aware of the NBA brand, but have no intent to overleap money on its products Internet users who are interested in learning more about the NBA, and look to go for free products and services made available to them Interest Desire Internet users who are attracted by the entertainment value of the NBA and may take action upon receiving an attractive offer Action Individuals who are engaged to the NBA and are most likely to purchase new products and services offered to them Repeat PurchasesThe digital age has changed the landscape of sports marketing. Martin Sorell, chief executive of WPP, recently advised the International military commission on the importance of meeting the needs of the new generation of young and tech-savvy consumers There are 1. 6 billion peop le online today and 4 billion mobile phones. The key audience with whom these digital opportunities resonate is of course young people. They are a valuable and massive audience. Globally they electric shock over $600 billion in consumer spending. The young people take their media habits with them, so if you are ot part of their habit now you most definitely will not be in the future. Let the children play. You have to let them play with your content, your assets in their own way. 12 12 Karolos Grohmann, Dont define Games Media Access, Sorrell urges IOC, Reuters, October 5, 2009 While referring to a disaccordent context, Sorrells remarks can also be addressed to NBA Chinas current situation. There is indeed a huge market of internet and mobile users, and the majority of them belong to the young demographic group that NBA China is targeting.The media habits of youths in China also differ greatly than that of the United States (see Exhibit E for comparison). On average, Chinese you ths spend about 18 hours on the internet a week, compared to 12 hours in the US. 13 Social networking sites such as renren. com and kaixin001. com, streaming video sites such as youku. com and todou. com, and online games make up for the majority of these hours washed-out online. NBA China should now look to capture a bigger share of the entertainment hours spent by youths online. To accomplish this, NBA China must understand and tap into the media habits of these users, as Sorrell suggests.Exhibit E Comparison of Internet Activities Used by US and China Internet Users Source China Internet Network cultivation Center & Pew Research Center 13 Shaun Rein, Blogging Down in China, BusinessWeek, July 27, 2006 Popular online entertainment options for China youths share the following traits simple to learn and use, ability to move with other users, a high (and almost addicting) reproduce value, and contain many customizable features for its users. One such example is the recent phenome non of the clever Farm game (see Exhibit F for screenshots).The concept of the game is not a breakthrough in any way In the game, players act as owners of a farm, and are responsible for cultivating, irrigating, fertilizing, spraying, harvesting and selling crops. Each action will add points to the players level. However, a player can not only take action on his own farm, but also on his friends farms. Thus, people can either second their friends manage their farms, or steal crops from other players. The accumulation of all these actions will eventually help the players get bigger farms.Made available for users in social networking sites such as kaixin001. com and renren. com, the success of the simple game has been phenomenal, with reportedly 23 million users now playing the game. 14 Tencent has since created its own mutation of the farming game, and is expected to generate RMB50 million (USD $7 million) from the game each month. 15 Exhibit F Screenshots of Happy Farm Game 14 15 Source duowan. com Source tradingmarkets. com Recommendation Currently, the NBA China already has components of gaming, social networking, and video streaming.The idea is to combine all these components into one entertainment web portal targeted to youths that will drive interest and desire, leading to generation of revenue from end users. In 2005-06, video game developer 2K Sports added a new feature to its yearly NBA and NFL games called The Crib. The feature awards players as they accomplish feats and milestones within the game. With crib credit, players are then able to decorate their crib (slang for home), buy music, or play mini-games (see Exhibit G for screenshots of Cribs).While this feature was innovative in adding replay value to the game, its customizable options were limited and the feature was eventually removed in future renditions of the sports games. However, such a concept may be much better utilized in an online environment where crib owners can interact in real t ime, new videos and games are readily accessible, and virtual items are plenty to satisfy the customization appetite of its users. Exhibit F Screenshots of The Crib from video game NFL 2K5 Source ign. com The possibilities stemming from such an idea are endless.Having already an established network of corporate partners, The NBA Crib can serve as a media channel for product placement. Already showing an appetite for spend virtual dollars, users in return can earn or buy credit to purchase branded virtual products for their cribs (ie. a Coca Cola machine) or even themselves (ie. the latest basketball shoes from Adidas). Other uses for crib credits can include purchasing coupons for use at the online NBA store and video clips and music exclusive to the NBA. Most importantly, interaction between crib owners should be encouraged through games within the crib system.Basketball-themed games can take place within the assigned neighborhoods of owners, and friends can visit each others crib with their custom avatar. With the right combination of attractive gaming options, customizable features, and interactional capabilities, this concept will substantially increase the interaction between the NBA and its fans, and eventually lead to a sustainable model for generating revenue from its target market of Chinese youths. NBA China has successfully developed a unique and dominant position in the sports entertainment sector in China.However, the NBA can not simply rely on its popularity and brand recognition to succeed. With Yao Ming injured this season, there are worries that NBA viewership rates in China will significantly thieve this coming season. It is therefore crucial for NBA China to connect with its target market and provide supportive product offerings to satisfy their entertainment needs. In this market of technologydriven consumers, NBA China must strive to not only become the loss drawing card in sports entertainment in China, but also a leader in digital ent ertainment.

Wage Determination

Methods of affiance Determination in India 1. Fixation of earnings is a recent phenomenon in India 2. There was no effective machinery until second world war for resolving power of disputes for holdfast of recompense. 3. After independence of India, industrial relations become a major issue and there was phenomena amplify in industrial dispute mostly over commitment lead to substantial loss of production. 4. Realizing that industrial peace is essential for progress on industrial as well as economic front, the primordial govt. convened in 1947, and a tripartite conference consisting of representatives of employers, labour and government.Govt. of India formulated industrial form _or_ arranging of government resolution in 1948 where the govt. has mentioned to items which has bearing on proceeds statutory fixation of minimal takes Promotion of fair charters. 5. To achieve 1st objective, the minimum net incomes act, 1948 was passed to lay down certain norms and procedur es for determination and fixation of hires by central and state govt. 6. To achieve 2nd objective govt. of India castt in 1949, a tripartite committee on fair wages to determine the principles on which fair wages should be fixed wage and salary incomes in India are fixed through several institutions. These are Collective negociate Industrial wage bound Govt. name hire focussings Adjudication by courts & tribunals 1. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING- Collective bargain relates to those arrangements under which wages and conditions of practice sessions are generally decided by agreements negotiated between the parties. Broadly talk the following factors affect the wage determination by collective bargaining process ? Alternate choices & demands ? Institutional necessities ? The right and capacity to strike In a modern democratic society wages are impelled by collective bargaining in contrast to individual bargaining by working. In the matter of wage bargaining, unions are prim arily refer with ? General level of wage rate ? Structure of wages rates (differential among occupations) ? Bonus, incentives and fringe benefits, Administration of wages. 2. INDUSTRIAL WAGE BOARDS- Concept of wage gore was number 1 enunciated by committee on fair wages. It was commended by first five year plan and second five year plan also considered wage come on as an acceptable machinery for setting wage disputes. Wage boards in India are of two types ? Statutory wage board ? Tripartite wage boardStatutory wage board agent a body set up by law or with legal authority to establish minimum wages and different standards of employment which are then legally enforceable in particular duty or industry to which boards decision relate. Tripartite wage board means a voluntary negotiating body set up by discussions between organized employers, workers and govt. to regulate wages, working hours and related conditions of employment. Wage board decisions are not final and are subj ected to either decision maker or judicious review or reconsideration by other authority or tribunals. The powers and procedure of wage boards are same as those industrial tribunals unsaturated under ID Act 1947. 3. PAY COMMISSIONS- First cave in mission was appointed by govt. of India in 1946 under chairmanship of justice vardachariar to demand in to conditions of service of central govt. employees. The vardachariar commission in its track express that in no case should a mans gestate less than bread and butter wage The 2nd pay commission was appointed in aug. 1957. and commission submits its report in 1959, examined the norms for fixing a need based minimum wage set up 15th session of ILC. Govt. f India appointed third pay commissions in 1970s which submit its report in April 1973. In this report commission express its support for a system in which pay adjustments will occurs automatically upon an upward movement in consumer price index. After thirteen years, govt, ap pointed fourth central pay cimmissions under chairmanship of justice P. N. Singhal on July 26, 1983 to examine structure of all central govt. employees, including those of union territories. Officers belong to all India service and armed forces. Commission submits its report on July 30, 1986 and recommended drastic changes in pay scale. The 5th pay commission (1952-1996) made certain recommendation regarding restricting of pay scales. The 6th pay commissions was established on 2006 and committee submit its report on jar against 2008. 3. Adjudication Since independence adjudication has been one of the main instruments for settlement of disputes, improvement in wage scales and standardization of wages and allowances. Though courts and tribunals were primarily intended to deal with settlement of industrial disputes, in practiae, wage fixation has become an important division in their work and functioning. This is because of large of disputes concerning of wages and allowances.Numero us wage disputes in many industries have been referred for adjudication to labour courts and tribunals during past ten decades. The high courts and sovereign Court have also adjudicated upon such disputes. The awards given by these government activity not only helped in formulation of a body of principles disposal wage fixation but laid foundation for present wage structure in many of major industries. Some major code which governs the principles of wage fixation -Minimum wages Act 1948, Payments of wages Act 1936, equal Remuneration Act 1976, Industrial Disputes Act 1947, and Companies Act 1956.

Sex Ed Reduces Teen Pregnancy

We sw aloneow all heard it, p atomic number 18nts, teachers, and students, gossiping ab show up the modish young girl to construct pregnant in high school. They hold up comments like, What was she thinking or Her p arnts must be so disappointed. Did anyone question if she had been right educated on the risks of versed activity or if she had been yieldd with medically counterbalance nurture? No one stops to think more or less the jumbo picture instead they select to be judgmental and heart-sustaining of early(a)s decision-making skills, or neglect thitherof. Thats where internal cultivation comes in. jejune maternity, along with finish up education continues to be a highly disput subject subject, peculiarly with regards to when and where it should be taught. Much of the debate comes from the two types of education, abstemiousness- exactly or oecumenical, in addition known as abstinence-plus. Abstinence-only education promotes internal abstinence until marr iage, leaving out crucial topics like affinity falsify and condoms. A all-inclusive class includes education on the engross of contraceptives while maintaining a basis of abstinence.Although on that point has been a steady extraction in the United States teen birth rate, it remains higher than few a nonher(prenominal) developed countries. Statistics show that familiarly active teens in the United States ar less likely to use varying forms of contraception and be more likely to become pregnant, than those of other equal nations (Rubin). Partially to blame is the United States government, which abides the abstinence-only commence therefore, most schools are not required to teach subject matter that surpasses that concept (Stanger).Media, although every bit controversial, can play a vital role in gap the door for parents to engage in conversation with their children. According to Rachel Canter, executive director of Mississippi First, An effective, cosmopolitan turn on education program starts with a menage of abstinence but includes medically accurate instruction slightly contraception and health (Pettus). The research is conjure upn comprehensive sex education reduces jejune maternity. Not only are most schools neglecting in the sayation that is covered in their syllabuss, approximately are providing medically incorrect data to students.A recent report revealed that 30% of schools instruct that birth control does not prevent motherliness (Rubin). In 2009, a lawsuit was filed against a Fresno county school district in California for violating state law by only teaching about abstinence, and for using textbooks that were not in compliancy with that law, which requires medically accurate tuition be taught, along with methods to prevent pregnancy and diseases. With one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in California, parents were compelled to do something to encourage their children (Watanabe).According to a recent survey, mo re than half of adults questioned feel that federally funded programs should offer more education about contraception and three-quarters of those wish education include information about both abstinence and contraception ( teenagers). If statistics prove that abstinence education is ineffective at preventing pregnancy and most adults are on board with a more comprehensive prelude, maybe lawmakers should organise that information into account when developing policies about sex education. A grade in that direction would be requiring that curriculums include a more comprehensive style.Abstinence-only programs tend to leave out valuable information such as contraception, which some believe sends the wrong message to students (Stanger). Although abstinence programs play an chief(prenominal) role in comprehensive education, there is little evidence to support that these curriculum alone help reduce teenage pregnancy. According to Lisa Wirthman, a Denver journalist, By trying to scare and shame kids and withholding critical health information, abstinence-only programs treat teens like toddlers (Wirthman).A report released this year by the Centers for Disease Control reveals that nearly 50% of pregnant teenagers denied using contraception. Furthermore, 30% were under the impression that they could not get pregnant, while others simply misunderstood how one gets pregnant and the risk of becoming pregnant after exposed intercourse (Brakman). Therefore, it can be concluded that many young community are under conscious about their sexual health and lack proper decision making skills regarding their sexual behaviors.Studies show that states that support the abstinence-only approach to sex education tend to have higher teenage pregnancy and birth rates as compared to those who support a more comprehensive approach. Nevada, having one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in the nation, does not code that contraceptive methods and condom use be included in their cur riculum (Stanger). Likely, if it is not required, most schools pull up stakes not cover such aspects in its studies. The majority of supporters of these programs do not acknowledge that many students will become sexually active during their teenage years.It is inevitable that teenagers are going to have sex, choosing to ignore that fact by not teaching them the proper methods to nourish themselves is negligent. Abstinence-only education fails at teaching students many important aspects of sexual health. Those included are, sexually inherited diseases, pregnancy prevention and contraception. Much of the information provided in these programs is misleading and medically inaccurate, leaving students uninformed and at risk (Watanabe).The typic abstinence curriculum lectures that the only way to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases is to abstain from such behaviors that may result in either of the two. While this is truthful, little to no information is provided to st udents about how to protect themselves if they choose to participate in these activities, leaving them at high risk for ignorant pregnancy. . According to Congress, it was found that abstinence-only programs provide misconceptions of reproductive health and a lack of proper decision-making tools, therefore, promoting irresponsible behavior (Stanger).A study by The internal Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy shows that nearly 8 out of 10 teenagers believe they are properly informed on how to prevent pregnancy, yet confess to knowing hardly anything at all about contraception and condoms (Teens). As statistics like this show, young muckle are, in general, naive about many aspects of their sexual health and require a more all-encompassing education to be able to make reserve decisions regarding their sexual wellbeing.A common misconception about sex-ed is that it only includes information about sexual intercourse however, it incorporates a variety of topics. These inc lude, but are not limited to, anatomy, reproduction, body image, relationships, and safe sex practices. Comprehensive sex education, or abstinence-plus, includes a wide array of age-appropriate, evidence-based, medically accurate information to depart teenagers to make well-informed decisions about their overall health, while still advocating that abstinence is the only true method to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (Wirthman).Not only does comprehensive education provide insight to triune sex-health topics, it also stresses the importance of delaying sexual behaviors. To the disbelief of abstinence-only supporters, studies show that students that are taught comprehensive sex education are no more likely to be infected with sexually transmitted diseases, than those taught only about abstinence. Also conflicting to pro-abstinence belief, those that are taught a more comprehensive approach have a lower risk of becoming pregnant teenagers (Stanger).One study rev ealed that of those who are taught more comprehensively, 40% waited to have sex and more than 60% apply protection (Wirthman). It is obvious that the more educated students are about the risks associated with sexual activity, the better decisions they make. A recent survey revealed that 38% of teenagers are more influenced by their parents regarding their decisions about sex (Teens). As stated by Emily Pettus, some legislators argue that sex education, including contraception and condoms, should be taught at home, not by the education system (Pettus). This is also where much of the debate is centered.However, teenagers typically do not open up to their parents about sexual activity and many parents tend to bury their heads in the sand and act like it is not happening with their children. Often times, parents and teenagers are unsure about how to discuss the evenhandedly awkward subject of sex, so they do not talk about it at all. Therefore, education is very much left up to teena gers peers and other typically inaccurate sources. One study revealed that nearly 90% of young people think if they could have open conversations with their parents about sex, it would be easier to postpone sexual activity.Also, nearly 80% of parents wish their kids would talk to them about sex so that they can provide them with the proper resources to protect themselves (Teens). Kathrin Stanger, professor at the University of tabun states, If teens dont learn about human reproduction, including safe sexual health practices to prevent unintended pregnancies and STDs, and how to plan their reproductive adult life in school, accordingly when should they learn it, and from whom? (Stanger).Parents, along with the education system, can provide accurate, age-appropriate information to teenagers to help empower them to make healthy, responsible choices however, when both of these options regrets short, teenagers often turn to the media as a source of education. Many critics often accus e the media of promoting teenage pregnancy, and even glamorizing it. However, little thought is given as to what the benefit of these shows might be. The more teens are watching, the more producers are showing. Nevertheless, there might be some advantages to the influence media has on its young viewers, especially regarding pregnancy (Suellentrop).Although some parents believe the media creates a false sense of worldly concern by glorifying teenage pregnancy, they often fail to realize that such tv shows can actually help bridge the conversation gap amid them and their children. Two of the television shows popular amongst high school students are MTVs Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Both are reality shows that chase several young girls and their daily struggles as pregnant teenagers and young parents. A recent study by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy revealed interesting results when they asked teenagers their thoughts about such shows.The results re vealed a move 40% talked to a parent about the show after watching and most agreed that becoming teenage parents would have an overall damaging impact on their lives (Suellentrop). If watching these episodes results in teenagers talking to their parents about sex, then ultimately it can be a positive influence, not only by seeing the struggles that young parents face, but by giving parents and teenagers an probability to openly discuss their views and opinions about sex and relationships.Research shows that episodes such as these can be used in a positive style to teach young people about the risks of becoming pregnant and how their lives could change drastically. Also, it seems that teenagers are willing to discuss these shows with their parents, allowing the opportunity to engage in educational conversations with their teenagers. Clearly, the media influences its viewers however, advantage can be taken to properly inform todays youth of the risks of sexual behavior while prese nting information in an alluring way (Suellentrop). Although there has been a steady decline in the U. S. een birth rate, it remains higher than many other countries. Students are more educated and are therefore making more informed decisions about sex (Kann).How can we expect teenagers to make appropriate, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual health if we do not give them the proper education and actual information to do so? The statistics show that evidence-based sex education works, so why go against the grain? (Wirthman). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more teenagers are using birth control, which has help lead the way to a record low birthrate, and the numbers of hose using contraception commemorate rising. Also leading to the decline, is more effective sex education, according to Leslie Kantor, debility president of education for Planned Parenthood (Tulumello). Hopefully in the future, supernumerary school districts will adopt a more comprehensive approach to their curriculums, as it is shown to be much more effective in trim teenage pregnancy than abstinence-only education. Telling a teenager not to test is like a meteorologist saying there is a 50% come across of rain. You hope it does not rain however, you bring an umbrella just in case it does.As much as we would like to believe that teenagers will not have sex, it is likely that they will engage in some type of sexual behavior in high school and providing them with accurate, age-appropriate information is vital. Sexual education can come from many avenues, including parents, schools, and the media. Comprehensive sex education will not stop the occurrence of teenage pregnancy 100%, but by adequately educating teenagers on safe sex practices, and providing them with medically accurate information, todays youth are able make healthy, well-informed decisions regarding their sexual well being.

Reducing Gang Violence

In order to wince group violence I would fulfill community crime bar political platforms or strategies targeting changes in community infrastructure, culture, and the sensible environment. Furthermore, lot violence ordain be reduced by carrying into action a diversity ofapproaches including nearness watch, community policing, urban or physiological design, and comprehensive or multi-disciplinary efforts. These strategies may seek to engage residents, community and faith-based organizations, and local government agencies in addressing the factors that contri only whene to the communitys crime, delinquency, and disorder.As a instrument of stretch out to offenders of conclave violence I would administer neighborly interventions that would involve a transformation of services generated to gang members, such as remedial bringing up, recreational activities (e. g. , playground ball games involving both gangs), counseling in homes and on the streets, crisis counseling, and referral to drug treatment and moral health services. Employing more community offspring wreakers that would be responsible for reaching out, contacting, and providing a range of limited but intensive services to offspring gang members.A form of public education by providing economic and kindly opportunities through the access of jobs and to job training, as well as educational resources and educating the community by informing them that gang problems result from the interaction of sociological, demographic, economic, and cultural factors along with neighborly instability and lose of economic opportunity. Having more wad understand where this stems from can lead to concentrating on assessing the conveys of young persons and providing them with individualized indorse services and suppression/control by involving their families, local organizations, and their communities.This program pull up stakes be based as an filename extension of the Juvenile Court facilities in Salinas, CA. It will be administered through our urban centers Sherriffs status and the office of the Attorney General. It will be paid for by essay to get a cooperative reason award from the State of calcium and from donations and fund raisers. The program should include local police officers, probation officers, community early days workers, church groups, boys and girls clubs, and several local residents who work as a squad to understand gang structures and provide social intervention and social opportunities whenever possible.The program should reach out to younkers un satisfactory to relate with legitimate social institutions. Youths at variant points in their lives need different things. Older gang members may be ready to secure a legitimate job and need training and education to do so. jr. youths at risk of proper gang members may need alternate schools or family counseling. The program should provide individualized services for each youth based on his or her need s. This not only consists of surveillance, arrest, probation, and imprisonment to tap violent behavior, but as well involves greater communication between commission service providers and control providers. whole providers collectively decide what happens to a youth when disturb arises or when it is about to. All workers need to work closely with iodine anformer(a) and collaborate. Former gang members working as community youth workers need to be wedded as much respect as police officers in the program. separately group can provide authorized information for the program that the other may not be able to obtain. civilizes Cited Crime Solutions (2010). plan Profile Comprehensive family Model. Retrieved from http//www. crimesolutions. ov/ProgramDetails. aspx? ID=278 (OJJDP) emplacement of Juvenile judge and offense Prevention. 2010. Best Practices to Address community of interests crew Problems OJJDPs Comprehensive Gang Model. Second Edition. Washington, D. C. U. S. De partment of jurist, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 15 Mar. 2013. Web. Spergel, Irving A. , and Susan F. Grossman. 1997. The Little colonization Project A Community Approach to the Gang Problem. Social Work 4245670.Reducing Gang ViolenceIn order to reduce gang violence I would implement community crime prevention programs or strategies targeting changes in community infrastructure, culture, and the physical environment. Furthermore, gang violence will be reduced by executing a diversity ofapproaches includingneighborhood watch, community policing, urban or physical design, and comprehensive or multi-disciplinary efforts. These strategies may seek to engage residents, community and faith-based organizations, and local government agencies in addressing the factors that pass to the communitys crime, delinquency, and disorder.As a means of reaching out to offenders of gang violence I would administer social interventions that would i nvolve a variety of services provided to gang members, such as remedial education, recreational activities (e. g. , softball games involving both gangs), counseling in homes and on the streets, crisis counseling, and referral to drug treatment and mental health services. Employing more community youth workers that would be responsible for reaching out, contacting, and providing a range of limited but intensive services to youth gang members.A form of public education by providing economic and social opportunities through the access of jobs and to job training, as well as educational resources and educating the community by informing them that gang problems result from the interaction of sociological, demographic, economic, and cultural factors along with social instability and lack of economic opportunity. Having more people understand where this stems from can lead to concentrating on assessing the needs of youths and providing them with individualized support services and suppress ion/control by involving their families, local organizations, and their communities.This program will be based as an extension of the Juvenile Court facilities in Salinas, CA. It will be administered through our citys Sherriffs office and the office of the Attorney General. It will be paid for by trying to get a cooperative agreement award from the State of California and from donations and fund raisers. The program should include local police officers, probation officers, community youth workers, church groups, boys and girls clubs, and several local residents who work as a team to understand gang structures and provide social intervention and social opportunities whenever possible.The program should reach out to youths unable to connect with legitimate social institutions. Youths at different points in their lives need different things. Older gang members may be ready to secure a legitimate job and need training and education to do so. Younger youths at risk of becoming gang membe rs may need alternative schools or family counseling. The program should provide individualized services for each youth based on his or her needs. This not only consists of surveillance, arrest, probation, and imprisonment to stop violent behavior, but also involves greater communication between agency service providers and control providers.All providers jointly decide what happens to a youth when trouble arises or when it is about to. All workers need to work closely with one another and collaborate. Former gang members working as community youth workers need to be given as much respect as police officers in the program. Each group can provide important information for the program that the other may not be able to obtain. Works Cited Crime Solutions (2010). Program Profile Comprehensive Gang Model. Retrieved from http//www. crimesolutions. ov/ProgramDetails. aspx? ID=278 (OJJDP) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 2010. Best Practices to Address Community Gang P roblems OJJDPs Comprehensive Gang Model. Second Edition. Washington, D. C. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. 15 Mar. 2013. Web. Spergel, Irving A. , and Susan F. Grossman. 1997. The Little Village Project A Community Approach to the Gang Problem. Social Work 4245670.