Dorothy Johnson Essay

breast feeding is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, impedeion of illness and injury, every last(predicate)eviation of suffering by means of the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations (other). Dorothy E. Johnson was a breast feeding theorist, who was born August 21, 1919, in Savanna, Georgia. She has had an influence on her breast feeding through her publications since the 1950s. Throughout her career, Johnson has stressed the importance of research-based knowledge rough the yield of treat care on lymph nodes. This led to The Johnson Behavioral System mystify, in which she came up with in 1980. Nursing theories are procedured to describe, develop, disseminate, and use hand over knowledge in nursing. Johnson was an early fan of nursing as a science as well as an art. From the beginning, Johnson proposed that the knowledge of the science of nursing was neces sary for effective nursing care. In 1961, Johnson proposed that nursing care facilitated the clients maintenance of a plead of equilibrium.Furthermore, Johnson proposed that clients were stressed by a stimulus of either an internal or external nature. These stressful stimuli created such(prenominal) disturbances, or tensions, in the patient that a state of disequilibrium occurred. Johnson identified both areas of nursing care that should be based on in coiffure to revert the client to a state of equilibrium. First, by reducing stressful stimuli, and second, by supporting natural and accommodative processes. Johnsons bearingal scheme theory springs from Nightingales belief that nursings last is to help individuals prevent or recover from disease or injury. The science and art of nursing should focus on the patient as an individual and not on the specific disease. Johnson used the work of behavioral scientists in psychology, sociology, and ethnology to develop her theory.Mor eover, Johnson states that nurses should use the behavioral transcription as their knowledge base comparable to the biologic system of rules that physicians use as their base of knowledge (Lobo, 1995). The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the fancy that exclusively the patterned,repetitive,purposeful shipway of behaving that think of distri scarceively persons life make up an make and integrated whole, or a system(other). Johnson states that by categorizing behaviors, they set up be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized all human behavior into seven subsystems(SSs)Attachment,Achievement, self-asserting, Dependence, Sexual, Ingestive, and Eliminative. Each subsystem is comprise of a set of behavioral responses or tendencies that share a popular goal. These responses are developed through experience and learning and are hardened by numerous physical, biological, psychological, and social factors. Four suppositions are made about the structure and expire of each SS. These four assumptions are thestructural elements normal to each of the seven SSs.The first assumption is from the form of the behavior it takes and the consequences it achieves and can be inferred to what drive that has been aflame or what goal is being desire (Johnson, 1980). The ultimate goal for each subsystem is expected to be the same for all individuals. The second assumption is that each individual has a predisposition to act, with reservoir to the goal, in certain ways rather than in other ways (Johnson, 1980). This predisposition to act is labeled set by Johnson. The third assumption is that each subsystem has available choices or scope of action alternatives from which choices can be made. The fourth assumption about the behavioral subsystem is that they produce observable outcomes-that is, the individuals behavior (Johnson, 1980).The observable behaviors allow an outsider to note the actions the individual is taking to cathode-ray oscilloscope a goal related to a specified SS.In addition, each of the SSs has three functional requirements. First, each subsystem must be saved from noxious influences with which the system cannot cope (Johnson, 1980). Second, each subsystem must be nurtured through the input of appropriate supplies from the surround. Finally each subsystem must be stimulated for use to enhance growth and prevent stagnation. As long as the SSs are meeting these requirements, the system and the SSs are viewed as self- allegeing and self- perpetuating. The internal and external environments of the system need to remain orderly and inevitable for the system to maintain homeostasis. The interrelationshipsof the structural elements of the subsystem to maintain a balance that is adaptive to that individuals needs.Johnsons Behavioral Subsystems, The Attachment subsystem is probably the or so critical, because it forms the basis for all social organization. It provides survival and security. Its consequences are soci al inclusion, intimacy, and arrangement and maintenance of a strong social bond. The Achievement subsystem attempts to manipulate the environment. Its function is control or mastery of an aspect of self or environment to some standard of excellence. Areas of achievement behavior include intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical, and social skills.The Aggressive subsystem function is protection and preservation. It holds that aggressive behavior is not only learned, but has a primary intent to harm others. However, society has placed limits when transaction with self-protection and that people and their property be respected and protected. The Dependency subsystem promotes helping behavior that calls for a nurturing response. Its consequences are approval, attention or recognition, and physical assistance. Ultimately, dependency behavior develops from the complete reliance on others for certain resources essential for survival. An instability in a behavioral subsystem produces tension, which results in disequilibrium.The Sexual subsystem has the dual functions of breeding and gratification. It begins with the development of gender role identity and includes the broad range of put forward role behaviors (Johnson, 1980).When there is an alteration in the equilibrium that exists, Johnsons dumbfound tends to diagnose to a subsystem rather than a specific problem. Johnsons Model states that it is at this point when the nurse is needed in order to return the client to homeostasis (Conner et al., 1994). Nursing activities are a balance of medicine, not babelike on it. A person is viewed as a behavioral system with patterned, repetitive, and purposeful ways of behaving that link him to the environment (Johnson,1980). A person is a system of interdependent parts that requires some regularity and adjustment to maintain a balance (Johnson, 1980). Health is perceived as an elusive,dynamic state influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. It focu ses on the person rather than the illness (Conner et al., 1994). It consists of all the factors that are not part of the individuals behavioral system but that influence the system and the nurse to achieve the health goal for the patient.In conclusion, Johnsons theory could help direct the future of nursing theories, models, research, and education. By focusing on behavioral rather than biology, the theory intelligibly separates nursing from medicine. But do we need to separate the behavioral from the biological? It can be a huge help and has been proven by Johnson and some of her followers. In order to focus on the holistic idea of nursing, it is important to think of the behavioral and biological together as a whole. We cannot look at one without looking at the other.